However, various security concerns, issues, vulnerabilities, and threats are constantly arising, including the malicious misuse of these robots via cyber-attacks, which may result in serious injuries and even death .Īccording to , various robotic challenges were discussed, out of which, security was considered among the hardest ones. Safety is related to the reduction of the likelihood of accidents’ occurrence(s), accuracy is based on performing the intended task without any faults/mistakes, while trust is based on the level of satisfaction and capability of these robots to accurately perform and replace humans in certain fields and activities . Security is primarily related to the level of protection of these robots against different types of cyber-attacks. These concerns are mainly related to security, safety, accuracy and trust. However, there are several concerns related to robots’ deployment in critical infrastructures (e.g. In fact, robots play a crucial role in modern societies, offering various opportunities to help in various domains, including civilian and military sectors, as well as agricultural, industrial, and medical ones. Moreover, its emergence into the Internet of Things (IoT) domain led it to be called the Internet of Robotic Things . Robotics is one of those technologies that are witnessing tremendous expansion and growth especially with the rise of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the market of intelligent machines, including autonomous robots, is exponentially growing more than 40 million robots were reportedly sold between 20 . With the latest digital revolution and the heavy reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI), smart robots are being employed to speed up the transformation of digital operations . We also review the recently presented security solutions for robotic systems. In this context, different approaches and recommendations are presented in order to enhance and improve the security level of robotic systems such as multi-factor device/user authentication schemes, in addition to multi-factor cryptographic algorithms. This paper reviews the main security vulnerabilities, threats, risks, and their impacts, and the main security attacks within the robotics domain. This includes maliciously hijacking and controlling robots and causing serious economic and financial losses. Unintended accidents will always take place, but the ones caused by malicious attacks represent a very challenging issue. However, many incidents have been occurring, leading to serious injuries and devastating impacts such as the unnecessary loss of human lives. Robots are devoted to serve, facilitate, and enhance the human life. The recent digital revolution led robots to become integrated more than ever into different domains such as agricultural, medical, industrial, military, police (law enforcement), and logistics.
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